Commentaries

What are the requirements for proof of investment damage in an investment advisory relationship? In its ruling 4A_131/2022 of June 20, 2023, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court reiterates that the customer cannot simply claim, without supporting evidence, that the damage was too difficult to quantify, or that no investment would have been made if the bank had provided adequate advice (see also 4A_202/2019 commented in Laurent Hirsch, cdbf.ch/1110/). Between March 2012 and May 2013, a client had an investment advisory[...]

In the course of unsealing proceedings, the disputed data may not be passed on to other parties and participants in the proceedings, even if disclosure is prohibited. This is what the Federal Supreme Court said in its decision 1B_635/2022, 1B_636/2022 of June 15, 2023. The Geneva Public Prosecutor's Office was conducting criminal proceedings for various economic offences against former and current employees of a bank. In June 2022, it carried out a search of the bank's premises. All e-mails in[...]

To what extent can a person whose data is subject to an automatic exchange of information demand that the Federal Tax Administration (FTA) issue a challengeable act? The Federal Supreme Court addresses this question for the first time in its ruling 2C_946/2021 of June 6, 2023, which is intended for publication. Information relating to a trust and its two settlors (both Argentine residents) was transmitted to the FTA as part of an automatic exchange of information in tax matters. Believing[...]

Is an employee who fails to negotiate down the price of work awarded to a third party, and who receives retrocessions on the price paid to the third party, guilty of unfair management towards his employer within the meaning of art. 158 of the Swiss Criminal Code? The Federal Supreme Court's decision 6B_280/2022, 6B_287/2022 of April 14, 2023 is in the affirmative. The facts can be summarized as follows: between 2003 and 2012, two employees set up a scheme with[...]

If the principle of speciality is violated as a result of administrative assistance, does the person concerned have a right to have the Federal Council intervene with the requesting state? In a ruling 2C_236/2022, intended for publication, the Federal Supreme Court clarifies whether positive obligations against Switzerland can result from arts. 8 and 13 ECHR. In 2011, FINMA granted administrative assistance to the French Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF), which requested the transmission of documents relating to transactions carried out[...]

The Federal Supreme Court's decision 1B_92/2023 of May 11, 2023 is in line with case law: at the sealing stage, the right not to incriminate oneself does not preclude the use, in (administrative) criminal proceedings, of an internal investigation report drawn up by a bank on behalf of FINMA. The case of inexploitability of the evidence is not clear-cut and the question must therefore be dealt with by the trial judge. In 2017, FINMA sent a criminal complaint to the[...]

In its ruling 4A_389/2022 of March 14, 2023, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court examined a request for mutual assistance in civil matters, in which a bank was asked to provide documents relating to a client. In 2012, the MPC opened criminal proceedings against the former CEO of a state-owned institution in Y for money laundering and fraudulent mismanagement. Judging that there was a risk that the documents obtained in the criminal proceedings might be passed on to State Y, the[...]

On May 17, the Europe Middle East & Africa Credit Derivatives Determinations Committee (DC) of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) issued an initial ruling on the absence of government intervention constituting a credit event for credit default swaps (CDS) on Credit Suisse's subordinated bonds for the amortization of Additional Tier 1 (AT1) bonds. The day after its decision, the DC received a second request to establish whether a bankruptcy constituting a credit event had occurred in respect of[...]

In a recent decision intended for publication, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court confirms that a request for mutual assistance for the enforcement of a foreign decision imposing a sanction corresponding in Switzerland to a compensatory debt (art. 71 CP) can only be executed in application of art. 94 ff EIMP (TF, 21.04.2023, 1C_624/2022). In 2011, following requests for mutual assistance from Belgium, the Zurich Public Prosecutor's Office ordered the precautionary seizure of the bank assets of a man named Edouard[...]

All the players involved - CS/UBS, FINMA, the Swiss National Bank and the Federal Department of Finance - should begin by themselves examining the takeover of CS by UBS ordered by the authorities. This would provide a starting point and framework for parliamentary clarification, and facilitate a fact-based Swiss and international discussion on the regulation and supervision of globally systemically important banks such as the future UBS. A necessary update The takeover of CS by UBS, ordered by the authorities,[...]

Of course, the full consequences of the Credit Suisse rescue are not yet known. Between March 16 and 19, the Federal Council, the SNB, FINMA and the Boards of Directors of UBS and Credit Suisse took the decisions that enabled the two banks to merge (see https://cdbf.ch/1272/). The SNB granted extraordinary loans to Credit Suisse, secured by two federal loans. A first urgent commitment credit was granted in the form of a default risk guarantee of up to CHF 100[...]

The Federal Supreme Court's ruling 2C_747/2021 of March 30, 2023 provides an interesting description of the link between breaches of anti-money laundering duties of care and the imposition of a ban on practice under Art. 33 FINMASA. On May 23, 2016, FINMA opened enforcement proceedings against Bruno, who worked as Head of Legal & Compliance at Banque de la Suisse Italienne (BSI). At the end of the enforcement proceedings, FINMA imposed a 3-year ban on Bruno (art. 33 LFINMA). The[...]

In a ruling dated March 30, 2023 (B-4004_2021), the Federal Administrative Court (FAT) found that the additional capital requirements imposed by FINMA on PostFinance SA (PostFinance) on the basis of art. 131b cum 45 let. b of the Capital Adequacy Ordinance (CAO) and its practice set out in FINMA Circular 2019/2 "Interest rate risks - banks" (the Circular) to address the risk of rising interest rates were in accordance with the law. This ruling follows a previous decision by the[...]

A revised version of the Swiss Code of Best Practice (SCBP 2023) has recently been published by economiesuisse. The CSBP is a series of non-binding recommendations, which are primarily aimed at listed companies, but can also serve as a basis for unlisted companies. As in previous editions, the Swiss Bankers Association was involved in drafting the CSBP. As in the case of some of the legal bases newly revised as part of the revision of corporate law, the CSBP as[...]

In 2004 (second partial report of the Commission of Experts, "Sanctions in financial market supervision"), when FINMASA was adopted, and again in December 2014 (FINMA and its regulatory and supervisory activities, report of the Federal Council in response to various postulates), it was decided not to give FINMA the power to impose fines. The Federal Council (report, p. 42) explained its position as follows: "The Federal Council also concludes that FINMA should not be granted the right to impose fines.[...]

The Federal Court's decision 4A_539/2021 of February 21, 2023 is a further illustration of the methodology applied by our High Court to apprehend the legal consequences of fraudulent orders. This ruling enshrines the principle that, when breaches of due diligence attributable to both the customer and the bank are the cause of fraudulent orders executed from the customer's account, the apportionment of damages must be determined by weighing up the respective faults. The factual situation can be summarized as follows.[...]

In a (probably recent) undated decision, FINMA confirms the publication of a press release relating to the closure of enforcement proceedings against an expressly named subject. In particular, this decision allows FINMA to argue that such publication does not constitute a sanction (naming and shaming within the meaning of art. 34 FINMASA), but only information to the public within the meaning of art. 22 FINMASA. At the end of an enforcement procedure, FINMA informs the subject of the procedure that[...]

A wealthy customer and a bank have been doing business for over 30 years. As part of an execution-only contractual relationship, the customer orders forward currency transactions (RUB/JPY and RUB/CHF). On December 16, 2014, due to a sharp fall in the Russian ruble exchange rate, the bank prematurely closes the forward transactions after contacting its customer, resulting in losses for the latter. The customer initiated legal proceedings to claim compensation equivalent to the smaller loss he would have suffered had[...]

In a ruling 1B_509/2022 of March 2, 2023, the Federal Supreme Court was called upon to clarify the scope of attorney-client privilege in the context of internal investigations within financial institutions, an issue it had already outlined, albeit in less detail, in two previous cases (one giving rise to ruling 1B_85/2016 of September 20, 2016, the other to rulings 1B_433/2017 of March 21, 2018 and 1B_453/2018 of February 6, 2019, cf. cdbf.ch/1053). The Geneva Public Prosecutor's Office has been conducting[...]

To what extent can the customer of a bank in bankruptcy request the segregation of his assets from FINMA when his request has been initially rejected by the liquidators? In ruling B-2367/2020 of December 13, 2022 (now in force), the Federal Administrative Court (FAT) addresses this question, analyzing in particular FINMA's powers in a bank failure. On October 21, 2015, a customer of a banking institution instructed his bank to immediately transfer his entire fiduciary deposits to another bank. The[...]

FINMA has just published its annual report, which reviews the year 2022 and outlines the priorities for supervision. These include issues and challenges posed by the current geopolitical context and inflation, money laundering supervision, climate risk and anti-money laundering supervision, and digitization of the financial sector. This last point is the subject of this commentary, which discusses FINMA's practice in relation to cryptoassets and takes stock of artificial intelligence (AI) in the financial sector. FINMA notes an expansion in the[...]

In a ruling dated December 1, 2022 (CA_2022.10), the Appeal Chamber of the Swiss Federal Criminal Court (TPF) found the director (A.) of a company (the issuer) guilty of failing to prevent tokens issued after an ICO from being transferred to participants' wallets, even though neither the issuer nor A. were affiliated to a self-regulatory organization (SRO) in accordance with the MLA. A. was convicted of having intentionally exercised a financial intermediary activity, in a professional capacity, in violation of[...]

A start-up relies on a guarantee from a fictitious bank to carry out a capital increase of around CHF 30 million. The auditor in charge of checking the increase report detects nothing. The Federal Administrative Court (FAT) saw this as a manifest lack of critical thinking and confirmed the withdrawal of the bank's authorization - albeit with a reduced duration - in ruling B-2245/2021 of January 27, 2023 (now in force). In 2016, Caroline - a certified auditor - was[...]

Following the deterioration in relations between a major IT service provider and a Geneva bank, the Court of Justice of the Canton of Geneva recently addressed various issues relating to an IT contract in a ruling dated October 4, 2022 (ACJC/1497/2022). In 2006, a Geneva bank decided to migrate its IT system. It entered into a series of contracts with a Zurich-based company, which was to carry out the migration and then operate the system. The contract is for a[...]

In a ruling 6B_899/2021 of January 26, 2023, handed down after a public hearing but not intended for publication, the Federal Court ruled that a lawyer who produces a six-page document containing a large amount12of information subject to banking secrecy in civil proceedings, without having taken full cognizance of it, commits a breach of banking secrecy (art. 47 al. 1 let. c LB) by possible fraud (art. 12 al. 2 phr. 2 CP). A banking establishment and one of its[...]

The measures adopted by the Federal Council to ensure the takeover of Credit Suisse by UBS represent a significant change of approach from the principles that guided the regulation of systemically important banks after the 2008 financial crisis. The scale of these changes is commensurate with the new crisis that the authorities are seeking to avert. It is all the more astonishing given that, despite the endless list of Credit Suisse defaults revealed in recent years, FINMA and the Swiss[...]

Can an employee who discloses to the media documents protected by professional secrecy and relating to the tax practices of multinationals be recognized as a whistleblower and thus benefit from the full protection of art. 10 ECHR? Yes, says the European Court of Human Rights, which found a violation of this provision by the Luxembourg authorities in Halet v. Luxembourg of February 14, 2023 (no. 21884/18). Between 2012 and 2014, several hundred tax rescripts and tax declarations highlighting highly advantageous[...]

In a ruling 1C_477/2022 of January 30, 2023, intended for publication, the Federal Supreme Court decided to suspend the international mutual assistance proceedings in criminal matters and to uphold the sequestration of funds ordered in Switzerland in June 2020 in execution of a request submitted by the Russian Federation in January 2020. The Federal Supreme Court is ruling on the appeal because it has to answer the general question of what should happen to requests for mutual legal assistance made[...]

Does the right not to incriminate oneself make it possible not to produce bank documents specifically requested by an administrative authority under threat of criminal sanction? No, answers the ECtHR unanimously in the De Legé case of October 4, 2022, no. 58342/15. The story begins with the theft of banking data concerning the assets of Dutch residents deposited with a Luxembourg bank. As a result of criminal proceedings, the Belgian authorities obtained the data, which they then passed on to[...]

When a foreign company holding a bank account has elected domicile with an agent in Switzerland in the context of an administrative assistance procedure, can the Federal Tax Administration (FTA) use the edict procedure to inform its beneficial owner of the existence of the procedure? The Swiss Federal Supreme Court answered this question in the affirmative in a ruling dated November 8, 2022 (2C_772/2021 and 2C_773/2021). The references of the company's bank accounts appeared on the list appended by France[...]